Human Relations Approach free essay sample

The human relations (HR) approach identifies that the workforce may not all be interested in money as a main motivator but appreciation and job satisfaction is just as if not more important than financial. As highlighted in Herzberg’s research the salary would merely be a â€Å"launch pad† for the motivation of the employee, with recognition and achievement being a main factor for motivation. The HR approach also supports that idea that employee and employer relationships should be formal as well as informal. Under the scientific and classical approaches to management the employees will very much feel like cattle in the sense that all the managers would be concerned with is profitability and productivity. The workers would be left unappreciated, depressed and probably bored with their jobs. Therefore through the failure of the classical approach the HR approach came about. Elton Mayo was an influential person in the development of the HR approach. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Relations Approach or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He used the Hawthorne Plant of the Western Electric Company (1924-32) as a basis to test his theories. These experiments were dubbed the Hawthorne Studies. It consisted of four main stages:- ? The illumination experiments ?The relay assembly experiments ?The interviewing programme ?The bank wiring observation room The illumination experiments focused on the effect of different intensity of lighting on the productivity. These experiments were however inconclusive, as the experimental groups production varied with no relation to the level of lighting. This prompted an investigation into the work force rather than the environment. The relay assembly experiments focused on this, in this experiment they took 6 workers and put them in a similar work environment. Hours of work were changed, rest periods were introduced as were refreshments. A friendly workplace was created and Productivity drastically increased. The next phase of his work was an interview stage where employees were interviewed about their personal problems and issues they had in an open atmosphere. All the interviews were kept confidential. It could be said that this stage developed modern day HR approach. It became clear that the relationship between worker and employer was important. The information gained in these interviews was used to improve working conditions and supervision. The final experiment was the bank wiring observation room. Groups of 14 men were observed and it was found that they formed their own informal organisations. Also natural leaders emerged. These organisations developed standards of work, and the pressure on individuals from the groups was more motivational than financial incentives.

2 Easy Examples of the Law of Conservation of Mass

2 Easy Examples of the Law of Conservation of Mass SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Chemistry is an important subject that you’ll definitely need to know if you’re planning to pursue a chemistry or other science major in college. One thing you should be familiar with is the law of conservation of mass.What is it? And how is it used in chemistry? Keep reading to learn what the law of conservation of mass is and how it came to be. We will also give you some law of conservation of mass examples to help you understand the concept better. What Is the Law of Conservation of Mass? First off, exactly what is the law of conservation of mass? This law states that in a closed system, matter can neither be created nor destroyed- it can only change form. Put differently, the amount, or mass, of matter in an isolated system will always be constant regardless of any chemical reactions or physical changes that take place. (Note that an isolated or closed system is one that does not interact with its environment.) This law is important in chemistry, particularly when combining different materials and testing the reactions between them. In chemistry, the law of conservation of mass states thatthe mass of the products (the chemical substances created by a chemical reaction) will always equal the mass of the reactants (the substances that make the chemical reaction). Think of it as being similar to balancing an algebraic equation. Both sides around an equal sign might look different (for example, 6a + 2b = 20), but they still represent the same total quantity. This is similar to how the mass must be constant for all matter in a closed system- even if that matter changes form! But how does the law of conservation of mass work? When a substance undergoes a chemical reaction, you might assume that some or even all of the matter present is disappearing, but, in actuality, it's simply changing form. Think about when a liquid turns into a gas. You might think that the matter (in this case, the liquid) has simply vanished. But if you were to actually measure the gas, you'd find that the initial mass of the liquid hasn’t actually changed.What this means is that the substance, which is now a gas, still has the same mass it had when it was a liquid (yes- gas has mass, too!). What Is the History Behind the Law of Conservation of Mass? Though many people, including the ancient Greeks, laid the scientific groundwork necessary for the discovery of the law of conservation of mass, it is French chemist Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) who is most often credited as its discoverer. This is also why the law is occasionally called Lavoisier’slaw. Lavoisier lookin' proud of his discovery. In the late 1700s, Lavoisier proved through experimentation that the total mass does not change in a chemical reaction, leading him to declare thatmatter is always conserved in a chemical reaction. Lavoisier’s experiments marked the first time someone clearly tested this idea of the conservation of matter by measuring the masses of materials both before and after they underwent a chemical reaction. Ultimately, the discovery of the law of conservation of mass was immensely significant to the field of chemistry because it proved that matter wasn’t simply disappearing (as it appeared to be) but was rather changing form into another substance of equal mass. What Are Some Law of Conservation of Mass Examples? Law of conservation of mass examples are useful for visualizing and understanding this crucial scientific concept. Here are two examples to help illustrate how this law works. Example 1: The Bonfire/Campfire One common example you’ll come across is the image of a bonfire or campfire. Picture this: you’ve gathered some sticks with friends and lit them with a match. After a couple of toasted marshmallows and campfire songs, you realize that the bonfire, or campfire, you've built has completely burned down. All you’re left with is a small pile of ashes and some smoke. Your initial instinct might be to assume that some of the campfire's original mass from the sticks has somehow vanished. But it actually hasn’t- it’s simply transformed! In this scenario, as the sticks burned, they combined with oxygen in the air to turn into not just ash but also carbon dioxide and water vapor. As a result, If we measured the total mass of the wooden sticks and the oxygen before setting the sticks on fire, we'd discover that this mass is equal to the mass of the ashes, carbon dioxide, and water vapor combined. Example 2: The Burning Candle A similar law of conservation of mass example is the image of a burning candle. For this example, picture a regular candle, with wax and a wick. Once the candle completely burns down, though, you can see that there is definitely far less wax than there was before you lit it. This means that some of the wax (not all of it, as you’ve likely noticed with candles you’ve lit in real life!) has been transformed into gases- namely,water vapor and carbon dioxide. As the previous example with the bonfire has shown, no matter (and therefore no mass) is lost through the process of burning. Recap: What Is the Law of Conservation of Mass? The law of conservation of mass is a scientific law popularized and systematized by the 18th-century French chemist Antoine Lavoisier. According to the law,in an isolated system, matter cannot be created or destroyed- only changed.This means that the total mass of all substances before a chemical reaction will equal the total mass of all substances after a chemical reaction. Simply put, matter (and thus mass) is always conserved, even if a substance changes chemical or physical form. Knowing this scientific law is important for the study of chemistry, so if you plan to get into this field, you'll definitely want to understand what the law of conservation of mass is all about! What’s Next? Are there other science topics you want to review? Then you're in luck! Our guides will teach you loads of useful topics, fromhow to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit, to what the density of water is, to how to balance chemical equations. Need help identifying stylistic techniques in a book you're reading for English class? Let our comprehensive list of the most important literary deviceslend you a hand!

Natural Disaster and Economic Growth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Natural Disaster and Economic Growth - Essay Example This essay provides an comprehensive analysis of the economic impact of earthquakes on the performance of the country`s economy, both in the long and in the short run. Natural disasters are detrimental to the economic growth of the countries that face the disaster. The extent and severity of the effect of natural disasters vary across countries, but, the basic impact is not heterogeneous. The great Hanshin-Awaji earthquake hit Japan and it had brought tremendous damage to the country in terms of economic growth of the economy and the social structure. The city of Kobe was the worst sufferer in this disaster. Japan was already a developed nation when the disaster had stricken the country. Research by scholars acknowledges that the disaster had caused â€Å"devastating damage to the economic landscape of southern-central Japan† But, at the same time the results of investigation show that the earthquake made people realize the fact that capital formation is an important element of economic growth in the country. In the long run, level of well being of the survivors of the disaster depends on the rate at which capital is accumulated in the economy. Research results show that the impact of the disaster fades with time and the rate of development of the economy plays a major role in the standard of living of its people Although natural disasters are occurring with increasing frequency and are creating potentially devastating impact on the economies that face it, the economic cause of the disaster has not yet been accurately deciphered. ... Victims show the tendency to adapt with the new circumstances with the passage of time. A subsequent research shows the result of investigation into â€Å"the extent to which the earthquake enhanced the investment in social capital through participation in community activity† (Yamamura, 2013, p. 1). After facing the huge loss to life and property as a result of the earthquake, the people of Japan expressed greater consciousness regarding the importance of social capital. Comparing the data collected between the years 1991 and 1996, it has been found that people were more inclined to make investment in social capital in 1996 than they were in 1991 (Skidmore and Toya, 2002). This significantly increased the rate of investment in social capital by the residents of Kobe. However, rate of investment by the people living in the cities near Kobe did not show any noteworthy change. From this phenomenon the author has inferred that the impact of the disaster decreases with distance; th e effect of the disaster is lesser in the minds of the people that stay far away from the origin of disaster (Yamamura, 2010). Although natural disasters are occurring with increasing frequency and are creating potentially devastating impact on the economies that face it, the economic cause of the disaster has not yet been accurately deciphered. There have been several studies on the medium and long term impact of the disasters on the prospects of development of the countries. According to the works by Cavallo, Powell and Becerra (2010) long term effects of natural disasters from the economic point of view are not understood well. In general, literature existing in this sphere of research shows lack of theory and empirical evaluation of the mechanisms that

You must submit an essay describing an ethical dilemma you have faced

You must submit an describing an ethical dilemma you have faced and how you resolved it - Essay Example In the early period of my career, I worked in one of the accounting firms. Being new in the profession, I worked as a subordinate employee, though with significant roles in the firm. However, my ethical dilemma arose when one of the senior managers in our department asked to me deliberately make a false recording. I was to alter the dates of some important transactions in the organization. Immediately the senior manager stated the request, I declined initially. The argument of my senior manager was that if I altered the dates, this would be of great benefit to the firm. The profits of the firm would increase, as the transaction will be identified under a different calendar year, and that would be beneficial to the company. I was responsible recording transactions in different financial years. For this reason, the senior manager had no other person to approach except me. In order to get me to accept this idea and perform as per his wish, the senior manager promised to give me a bonus. He also promised that upon acting on his demands, I would be considered for recognition in future performance review in the firm. Nonetheless, like any other employee that wishes to succeed in their career, I did not make a decision immediately after the senior manager had mentioned all the privileges that I would be entitled to. This incident thus is an ethical dilemma, since as a subordinate employee, questions of â€Å"should I† or should I not† lingered on my mind. I knew altering the records was ethically wrong. However, thinking of the benefits that I would be entitled to made me to hesitate on making a decision. Since I am a supporter of ethics in organizations, I decided to take considerable time, and ensure that I came up with the right decision that would not exhibit any selfishness in me, anger the senior manager, or which would not result in a tainted image for me as an individual employee, and for the organization. This was

Campbell Soup Essay Example for Free

Campbell Soup Essay Campbell Soup Company (CSC) was a diversified food processor known for its strong brands and product quality. One of its products is produce ready-to-serve soups for customer who is not able to make soup. Formerly, Campbells products spread all over 3 segments of condensed soups, ready-to-serve soups and dry soup, and it is considering to expand its product to microwavable soups to make customer more convenient for preparing soup without container. The following figure showed the foundation of CSC. CSC used its engineering support and diversified production line to support customers with convenient, good taste and quality food. CSC is a decentralized company; its strategy is to diversify its business to product several products, and expand its marketing share. Something behind the diversified production line, used to support its operating system, is its CIRT and CCID department. Those are charged with process RD, product development, packaging and engineering systems. CSC used production line for its operating system. The advantage of it is to reduce WIP among the process, and it required high quality and stable operating system to avoid the unexpected shut down. Symptom CSC is developing a new product of microwavable soup, which is assigned to Plastigon line in the early 1980s. However, the Plastigon line is taking so long for result. Because of this, Elsner was assigned to resolve Plastigons technical problems and make Campbells engineering more effective and efficient. Problem 1.Conflict between organization and development process From the current CSCs product development process of task forces, we know CSC would appoint the appropriate engineer from any department in charge of the new process. The advantage of this way is more flexible and superior because everyone has the suitable skill in charge of the new process.  However, there is no clear assignment of who is responsible to run this project team. That caused nobody took it to be their obligation, they actually wanted less and less to be involved. Their position was, Wait until its a proven process and then CSC will be ready to accept the line for their operation. Otherwise, coordination between engineers form various groups was difficult because often the engineers were not at the plant at the same time. Even when some were present, they had their own tests to run and not usually were not interested in running the line as a whole. This situation caused the other problem that the problem of the other part of production line would occur when the problem of one part was resolved due to incoordination among all parts. 2.Production process As we know, the production process which CSC used is production line, which can be described the products are manufacturing as a continuous flow. Production line requires standard and stable process with good quality to avoid occurring shut-down. If one part was shut-down, that would influence other parts. Suggestion Aiming at conflict between organization and development process, the problem is due to the structure of organization is different from development process. The organization is decentralized, but RD is centralized. However, because different product has different feature, RD should have different knowledge and experiment in charge in different product. For example, microwavable soup can be used by microwave, so it requires different material, and RD has to consider the different point and set up a suitable process for it. At this point, I suggest CSC decentralizes its RD into different product. When CSC decides to produce a new product, they should take appropriate engineers from RD, and make a subgroup for the new product. After that, set up a pilot for this group who is responsible for this production line, and integrate whole engineers. Engineers have different expertise in their area, so how to coordinate them to devote their  knowledge to this production line is also a crucial point. The duty of the pilot is to lead this group and responsible for proving this process. Using this way, the subgroup has to transfer to the new plant, which would reduce the transit times by using centralization. Furthermore, engineers would run their part at the same time, which would improve the efficiency of the process. Second, CSC used production line for its process; however, it would make whole process shut-down if any part was in trouble. Otherwise, the most parts of this process are made by human resources. The efficiency of each person decides the efficiency of whole process. If workers have different efficiency, that would cause the process not continuous. It means idol time would occur between each part. To resolve this problem, I suggest CSC change its process from production line to job-shop. Although job-shop would produce more WIP, the influence would be reduced by using this way, and the process would not entirely shut down. That makes the whole process produce smoothly, and standard. Furthermore, aiming at the point of the most parts of this process is made by human resources. I suggest CSC should prepare Quality System Document and on-the-job training program with handbook which can help workers to familiar with whole process and operation soon. If training program and handbook are more detailed, workers are easy to find answers from them for their questions without the instruction of supervisor, and help them become skillful operators.

Definition and Features of Monopoly and Competition

Definition and Features of Monopoly and Competition Definition of Monopoly Monopoly is a well defined market structure where there is only one seller who controls the entire market supply, as there are no close substitutes for his product and there are no barriers to the entry of rival producers. This sole seller in the market is called â€Å"monopolist†. The term monopolist is derived from the Greek word â€Å"mono†, meaning â€Å"single†, and â€Å"polist† meaning seller. Thus the monopolist may be defined as the sole seller of a product which has no close substitutes. The monopolist is faced by a large number of competing buyers for his product. Evidently monopoly is the antithesis of competition on. In a monopoly market, the producer, being the sole seller, has no direct competitors in either the popular or technical sense. Thus, the monopoly market model is the opposite extreme of competition. Features of Monopoly The features of a monopoly are: The monopolist is the sole producer in the market. Thus, under monopoly, firm and industry are identical. There are no closely competitive substitutes for the product. So the buyers have no alternative or choice. They have either to buy the product or go without it. Monopoly is a complete negation of competition. A monopolist is a price maker and not a price taker. In fact his price fixing power is absolute. He is in a position to fix the price for the product, as he likes. He can vary the price from buyer to buyer. Thus in a competitive industry, there is a single ruling price, while in a monopoly, there may be differentials. A monopoly firm itself being the industry, it faces a downward-sloping demand curve for its product. That means it cannot sell more output unless the price is lowered. A pure monopolist has no immediate rivals due to certain barriers to entry in the field. There are legal, technological, economic or natural obstacles which may block the entry of new firms. Since a monopolist has a complete control over the market supply in the absence of a close or remote substitute for his product, he can fix the price as well as quantity of be sold in the market. Abuses of Monopoly Though a monopolist has complete freedom in determining his own price, there are some limits to his power. These are listed below: The demand curve of a monopolist slopes downwards. This is shown as demand curve DD of the monopolist in Figure. On such a curve, a monopolist cannot choose both Price and Output to be sold. He has to determine one of these quantities. If he chooses higher price P1 he has to be satisfied with smaller sales of quantity Q1. If he prefers larger output Q2 he will have to charge lower price P2. The second constraint on monopoly power arises out of the income and willingness of consumers. If the monopolist attempts to charge a price as high as Pn his sales fall to zero. So even though a monopolist has complete freedom to charge any high price this freedom is restricted by the consumer’s ability to purchase goods. Finally, monopoly power also depends upon elasticity of the demand curve. If the demand curve is rigid or less elastic the monopolist has a greater degree of control. As the demand curve becomes more flexible or flatter the monopolist’s control starts declining. This can be explained with the help of Figure. In the figure there are two demand curves. DD1 is rigid or less flexible showing greater monopoly control. DD2 is flatter or more flexible and depicts a lower degree of monopoly control. On rigid demand curve DD1 if the monopolist increases the price from P to P1 the fall in the quantity sold is as small as QQ1. On the flatter demand curve DD2 with the same rise in price, a fall in the quantity sold is as large as NN1. In case of a flexible demand curve there is a danger that even at a higher price, the total revenue of a monopolist may be smaller. This has been further explained in the table below: PRICE RIGID DEMAND D1 TOTAL REVENUE TR1 FLEXIBLE DEMAND D2 TOTAL REVENUE TR2 2 6 12 20 40 4 5 20 8 32 6 4 24 5 30 A monopolist attempts to raise his price from 2 to 4 to 6. As a result of this quantity demanded goes on falling. Yet in the case of Rigid Demand D1, with a fall in the demand from 6 to 5 to 4 Total Revenue TR1 increases from 12 to 20 to 24. With the Flexible Demand condition D2 the quantity demanded falls sharply from 20 to 8 to 5 causing Total Revenue TR2 to fall from 40 to 32 to 30. Hence the slope or the degree of flexibility of the demand curve governs the degree of monopoly power Monopoly market is restrictive and hence considered as an evil form of market. Monopoly is also a source of wastage. It underutilizes productive capacity and reduces Consumer’s Surplus. Underutilization of capacity may cause some workers to remain unemployed. These and other shortcomings can be analyzed and explained with the help of a comparative diagram. We find both competitive and monopoly equilibrium positions marketed by point e1 and e2 respectively. A competitive firm produces output Q1 and sells at price P1. A monopolist produces smaller output Q2 (Q2P1). Competition allows only normal profits to a firm as part of the average cost of production. A monopolist earns extra monopoly profits of the size CSRP2. Under competition output is produced at point e1 which is the lowest point on the average cost line. Therefore competition makes fuller utilization of the productive capacity. Under monopoly output is produced at point S which is on the falling phase of AC. This shows underutilization of the productive capacity. Finally, the size of the Consumer’s Surplus under competition is as large as De1P1 while that under monopoly is only DRP2. Hence under monopoly there is higher price, lower output, underutilization of productive capacity or wastage of resources and reduction in Consumer’s Surplus. Differences between Monopoly,  Equilibrium Competitive Equilibrium There are typical differences between the two types of market models their equilibrium positions. A comparative account of their differences is presented below: The demand curve of a competitive firm for its product is perfectly elastic. It is a horizontal straight line. It implies that the firm can sell any level of out put at the ruling market price. While the demand curve of the monopolistic for his product is relatively inelastic, it is a downward sloping curve. It suggests that the monopolist can sell more output only by lowering the price. To a competitive firm, price is given in the market. So at this price, average and marginal revenue will be the same. Hence, AR MR curves coincide and are represented through the demand curve which is a horizontal straight line. In the case of a monopoly, the downward sloping demand curve represents the AR curve. The MR curve also slopes downwards but it lies below the AR curve. If it is linear, then it lies half the distance between the price-axis and the demand curve. Under both perfect competition and monopoly, the equilibrium output is set at the point of equality between MC and MA. The competitive firm attains equilibrium only when the MC curve intersects the MR curve below. Thus, it is essential that MC must be rising at and near the equilibrium output. In fact, the falling cost curves caused by increasing returns to scale are incompatible with competitive equilibrium output, for the firm’s MR curve being horizontal, the falling MC curve can never lead to a competitive equilibrium position because as the firm will be inclined to expand its size until it becomes so large that its AR and MR curves ultimately begin to fall in order to cut the continuously falling MC curve. This means that the firm will become so large that competition will become imperfect and the individual firm would be in a position to influence the price of its product by altering its own output. In short, perfect competition will cease to exist when a firm increases i ts output to a very large extent in order to attain equilibrium under falling cost conditions. It may, therefore, be concluded that increasing returns to scale or a continuously downward sloping MC curve perfect competition are incompatible. It follows, thus, that a major difference between competitive equilibrium monopoly equilibrium is that while in the case of the former, the MC curve of the firm must be rising at or near the equilibrium level of output, in the case of the latter, this is not essential. A monopoly firm can attain equilibrium under any state of returns to scale or cost conditions, whether constant, rising or falling. The fundamental condition of monopoly equilibrium that must be satisfied is: MC=MR, and the MC curve must intersect the MR curve from below (yet it need not necessarily be rising). Again, when we compare the equilibrium conditions of the two models, we find that the fundamental rule of profit maximization is the same, i.e., equating MC with MR, the characteristic difference lies with respect to price as average revenue and MC. Under perfect competition, price=AR=MR; thus, at equilibrium output, MC=price. In monopoly, on the other hand MRMC. In a perfect normal equilibrium condition of a firm under competition in the long run only, normal profit is realized. In the case of a monopoly, excess monopoly profit can be earned even in the long-run. In fact, the positive difference between price and MC in a monopoly gives excess profit. In the long run, when the competitive firm gets only normal profit, it operates at the minimum point of the LAC curve. Hence the competitive firm tends to be of optimum size. A monopoly firm, on the other hand, attains equilibrium at the falling path of the AC curve, which means it doesn’t utilize its plant capacity to the full extent. The â€Å"excess capacity† in a monopoly firm thus causes it to be of less than optimum size. Usually, the monopoly price tends to be higher while the monopoly output smaller than that under perfect competition. A direct comparison of price and output under monopoly and competition is however difficult because a competitive firm is just a part of the industry as a whole, while a monopoly firm is an industry itself. MONOPOLY EQULIBRIUM UNDER DIFFERENT COST CONDITIONS Firms under all market condition achieve equilibrium at a point where MC=MR and MC is increasing or MC>MR if an additional unit is produced. Under Perfect competition this is possible only if the firm is operating with increasing cost i.e. marginal cost curve is sloping upward. Equilibrium cannot be determined if the marginal cost is decreasing or constant. Equilibrium is possible only in fig A where both necessary and sufficient conditions are fulfilled, whereas in B only the necessary condition is fulfilled and in C neither necessary nor sufficient conditions are satisfied. Unlike perfect competition, equilibrium of a monopoly is possible under increasing constant and decreasing cost as shown in Figure FIGURE shows equilibrium of a monopoly firm with increasing cost. The firms AC and MC curves are sloping upward. MC cuts MR at E. Here MC=MR and for any additional production MC>MR. Therefore firm A reaches equilibrium at point E. TR=OQ1 TP. TC=OQ1SN. Pie=NSTP Figure B, the firm reaches equilibrium at point E1 under constant cost. At point E1 MC=MR and thereafter MC>MR therefore the firm stops its production. At E1. TR=OQ2T1P1. TC=OQ2E1N1. Therefore Pie=N2S2T2P2 Figure C explains the equilibrium under decreasing cost. Equilibrium output is determined at point E2. Where MC=MR and MC>MR for any additional output. TR=OQ3T2P2. TC=OQ3S2N2 Therefore Pie=N2S2T2P2 The firm however will not be able to decide its output if under decreasing cost its marginal cost is always below the MR curve as shown in the figure. Fig shows the indetermination of Equilibrium under decreasing cost. Here the MC is all the times below MR hence it is not possible to determine the Equilibrium output. However the case shown in the above diagram may not be practical as the marginal cost cannot continuously decline and become zero. CONTROL OF MONOPOLY Evaluating the economic effects of pure monopoly or partial monopoly form the standpoint of society as a whole, on income distribution, price, output, resource allocation, technological advancement, distribution of economic power, it has been commonly observed that there are more evils aspects than benefits in a monopolistic industry as compared to a competitive industry. THE FOLLOWING POINTS MAY BE ENLISTED IN THIS CONTEXT: The monopoly price is generally higher than the competitive price. Evidently, the consumer is exploited under a monopoly. Output under monopoly is restricted with a view to earning the maximum economic profits. Thus, there is inefficient allocation of resources in a monopolistic industry. It entails waste of excess capacity. Only in a competitive industry there can be optimum utilization of existing plant capacity .In short, under a monopoly a higher price is charged, a smaller output is produced the system of allocation of resources is inferior to that under perfect competition. Usually, excess profit is reaped by a monopoly firm even in the long run. A purely competitive firm, on the other hand reaps just a normal profit in the long run. By virtue of their control over market supply, monopolists can export high prices to make substantial economic profits .Excessive price charged by the monopolists is regarded as a â€Å"PRIVATE TAX† on consumers. On account of high profiteering by the monopolists, society’s income distribution tends to be unequal unjust .The owners of monopoly business tend to become richer at the cost of the consumers. Big monopoly houses may acquire concentration of economic power ion their hands which also endangers political democracy in the country. A monopolist is supposed to be very conservative in the matter of innovation technological advancement .Since there is no threat of competition from rivals in a monopoly market, the firm has no impulse to develop new products or introduce new techniques in production. The monopolist is satisfied with the status quo. In fact sometimes monopolists may buy up new scientific inventions patents destroy them so to avoid rivalry. They do so in order to save loss arising from the sudden obsolescence of existing plant machinery. This tactic obviously obstructs technical progress of the country. Monopoly monopolistic competition tend to aggravate the problem of unemployment due to under allocation of resources. The actual production frontier of the country is kept unduly much below its potential level. This results in a low pace of economic growth in creating poverty in the midst of plenty Monopoly firm quite often resort to unfair practices like price discrimination or cut throat competition infringement of trade marks of rivals .etc with a view to eliminating or killing potential rivals in the market. Many big monopoly houses have tended to spread political economic corruption. It has been alleged that some political parties even govt. officials in India always have a soft corner for certain big business houses. METHODS OF CONTROL They are as follows: Restriction on entry of new firms Restriction on output Monopolists hold on price determination MEASURES OF CONTROL They are as follows: Legislative measures Promotion of competition Consumers resistance Publicity drive Control of price output Fiscal measures Nationalization Co-operative movement Misconceptions about Monopoly Pricing Profits It is commonly alleged that a monopolist can charge a very high price and earn high profits because he has the control over market supply and is a price-maker. This is really not so. A monopolist cannot determine price on the basis of his supply alone. He has to consider the demand aspect as well. In fact, the monopoly price is determined by the relative strength of the forces of demand and supply. Again, while determining the equilibrium price and output, the monopolist is interested in maximum sale because he wants to maximise total profits and not unit profits. So if the demand is slack, he will have to set a low price corresponding to profit maximising condition : MC = MR. Again, it is also erroneous p take it for granted that the monopolists price is always higher than the competitive price. It, in fact, depends on various considerations. If the demand is highly inelastic, while the supply is under conditions of increasing costs, ben the monopolist will restrict output in order to produce at a lower cost anchearn a higher profit. Under these circumstances, obviously, the monopoly price will be very high compared to the competitive price. For example, private monopoly is socially harmful in respect of production and sale of essential agricultural commodities like food-grains for which the demand is highly inelastic while the supply is under increasing costs on account of the law of diminishing returns operating on land. If, on the other hand, the demand is highly inelastic, but the supply is under increasing returns or decreasing costs condition, the monopoly price would tend to be nearer the competitive price. In such cases, monopoly can be socially tolerated. For instance, in producing comforts and luxury items, if a private monopolist invests huge capital, thereby enjoying the economies of scale so that he may supply goods at a low price at a competitive rate, then, such monopoly can be tolerated. Again, when there is a very limited market for a product, a monopolist can supply it at a lower price on account of its low cost of production due to large-scale economies than what is feasible in a competitive market by a large number of firms producing the goods on a small-scale. The competitive market price in such a case will tend to be high because though P AC, under competition, the AC itself tends to be high due to lack of economies of scale and the small-scale of production adopted by each firm . If, however, there is a monopoly which has to cater to the entire market, it would resort to a large-scale production. Hence, the output will be produced at a much lower cost, so even if the monopolist sets a higher price than AC for the sake of high profit, it may relatively turn out to be lower than that of the competitive firm. Similarly, it is also incorrect to say that the monopolist can always earn abnormally high monopoly profit due to his advantageous position in the market. In many cases, demand and cost situation may not be very favourable to the monopolist, so that he cannot make profits. In the long run, the monopolist may be under the threat of new entry in his line of production, so that he may resort to price limit which gives him a lower profit but not a high maximum profit. Potential competition thus serves as a significant constraint on the behaviour of the monopolist. Again, in some cases, the demand situation may be such that the demand curve or the average revenue curve in the long run may be just tangent to the LAC curve. In this case, the monopolist would earn only a normal profit (see Fig. to understand the situation). In Fig., the monopolist decides an equilibrium output OM, and charges PM price. Since the AR curve is tangent to the LAC curve at point P, Price = Average Revenue = Average Cost. Hence, the monopolist simply earns a normal profit. The only difference between such normal-profit monopoly equilibrium and competitive equilibrium is that the monopolist is producing at less than optimum size, i.e., at a higher average cost, while a competitive firm, earning normal profit, would be producing at a minimum average cost, i.e., it has an optimum size. In other words, under monopoly, even though there is just a normal profit earned, there is unutilised capacity of the plant and resources, while in a competitive firms equilibrium, the normal capacity is fully utilised. Anyway, it can be concluded from the above discussion that the monopolist cannot always earn high monopoly profits. Again, the monopolist in the long run should earn at least normal profits, otherwise he cannot survive. A monopolist finding the cost situation much above the demand consideration in the long run has no alternative but to wind up his business.

Language Usage in Huckleberry Finn

Jims dialogues, we can clearly see that he has troubles with English, he often makes grammatical and spelling errors. From this I concluded that Jim is most probably uneducated, I do think that he's not stupid though because up to this point In the book Mark Twain have showed how Jim uses his logic, for instance when Jim was arguing about Solomon, we can clearly see how he used his logic in criticizing the story. Therefore from the language Mark Twain uses we can understand that Jim Is uneducated but he's not stupid although he book doesn't literally say so.Racism: Mark Twain repeatedly used the word ‘Niger' In the book to describe how In the town where It took place, everyone uses the word ‘Niger' casually, from old ladles to Houck himself uses the word very casually. This shows how at that time, dark skinned people are very discriminated by the white. They are treated as slaves, up to the point where they will sell them in exchange for money. From the words that Mark Tw ain used in describing the society, we can clearly see that slavery and racism both re still an on going thing.If we compare this to today, it is completely different, people are now forbidden to say the word ‘Niger' and dark skinned people are way more respected. Faking Huckleberry Fin's own death: In the chapter in which Huckleberry Finn faked his own death, although Mark Twain didn't exactly tell us what he was going to do, but we were able to conclude that he was up to something. Through the language that the author used to describe this action we can see that he's not stupid, he uses a lot of his logic.

Endosymbiotic Theory Essay

The endosymbiotic theory explains the evolution of the eukaryotic cell and eukaryotic organelles by phagocytocis of small prokaryotic cells. This theory states that some of the organelles in today’s eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotic bacteria. In this theory, the first eukaryotic cell was probably an amoeba-like nucleated (probably DNA in a nucleoid region not an actual nucleus) prokaryotic cell that got nutrients by phagocytosis (engulfing nutrients or other cells) Some of these unicellular amoeba-like organisms engulfed prokaryotic cells that somehow were not digested within the organism. In the process of being engulfed the smaller cells would have been wrapped in membrane from the larger cell, today we see double membranes in mitochondria and chloroplasts.  The symbiotic relationship was beneficial because the host cell would have provided essential nutrients to the engulfed prokaryotic cell in exchange the smaller prokaryotic cell used these nutrients to synthesize ATP molecules, this ATP was used as an energy source by the host cell. The smaller prokaryotic cell was given a safe environment as well as receiving nutrients from the larger host cell. The small prokaryotic cell developed a symbiotic (mutually beneficial) relationship with the host cell. This smaller prokaryotic cell would eventually become mitochondria or chloroplasts. Mitochondria would have been formed when bacteria capable of aerobic respiration were ingested by a much larger cell. Chloroplasts formed when photosynthetic bacteria were ingested. They eventually lost their cell wall and much of their DNA because they were not of benefit within the host cell. Mitochondria and chloroplasts cannot grow outside their host cell in normal conditions because they now depend on the cell for protection and nutrients. The reason we do not see this type of symbiotic relationship today is because conditions are much different now then they were on earth millions of years ago when this symbiotic event first took place. Scientists can support the endosymbiotic hypothesis because the characteristics of energy organelles are so similar to those of prokaryotes. Energy organelles have their own set of genetic information it is not found  enclosed in a nucleus but a circular ring in a nucleoid region just like prokaryotic DNA. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own ribosomes this would imply that at one time energy organelles were able be self sufficient. Both organelles have a double membrane, a remnant of ancient endosymbiotic event. Also when a cell divides by mitosis the energy organelles replicate the same way as do prokaryotic bacteria, by binary fission. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are about the same size as prokaryotic cells. The DNA of these energy organelles is different from the DNA found in the cells nucleus. There is some evidence of bacterial DNA in these energy organelles that suggests that long ago they were once prokaryotic cells. Biology, Neil A. Campbell & Jane B. ReeceBenjamin Cummings; 7th Edition, 2006Investigating Biology, Neil A Campbell & Jane B.ReeceBenjamin Cummings; 6th Edition 2007

Free Essays on The Olympic Games

It’s a test of strength. It’s a test of honor. It’s the Olympic Games. The Games are a long played tradition adapted from the early Greek civilization. Athletes come together to compete in athletic events, such as wrestling and javelin, for honor and grace for the country they represent. Today, the Olympic Games are just a little different than in ancient times. Now, athletes do not take as much honor in just competing and for love of the game as they do for winning. Some athletes resort to doping, which is using illegal drugs to increase the strength and capability of oneself. This is an increasing problem among athletes, and eventually will lead to serious health risks. Another difference is that today there are much more events, and anyone from a country can compete, not just free men who speak Greek. Also, in ancient times, the Games were always held at the city Olympia, as now they move to different cities every four years. Even though there are these differences, there is still honor in the Games today. The history of the Olympic Games reaches back very far. The first Games were held in the year 776 B.C. It was a very simple contest with the events just being the sprint. Later on, more events were added, such as discus, javelin, wrestling, and long jump. The Games became very important to the people. They would even stop wars so that they could compete in the Games. Soon, the games became very evolved adding sports such as boxing, pankration, the pentathlon, and chariot races. The first recorded winner was Koroibos (www.aafla.org). The Byzantine emperor Theodosius in 394 A.D soon abolished the Games. When the Games were revived, they were brought back as the modern Olympic Games in 1896. The person responsible for bringing back the Games is the Baron Pierre de Coubertin. Coubertin was involved in sports as a child and he felt the Olympics would promote understanding and friendship among nations (w... Free Essays on The Olympic Games Free Essays on The Olympic Games It’s a test of strength. It’s a test of honor. It’s the Olympic Games. The Games are a long played tradition adapted from the early Greek civilization. Athletes come together to compete in athletic events, such as wrestling and javelin, for honor and grace for the country they represent. Today, the Olympic Games are just a little different than in ancient times. Now, athletes do not take as much honor in just competing and for love of the game as they do for winning. Some athletes resort to doping, which is using illegal drugs to increase the strength and capability of oneself. This is an increasing problem among athletes, and eventually will lead to serious health risks. Another difference is that today there are much more events, and anyone from a country can compete, not just free men who speak Greek. Also, in ancient times, the Games were always held at the city Olympia, as now they move to different cities every four years. Even though there are these differences, there is still honor in the Games today. The history of the Olympic Games reaches back very far. The first Games were held in the year 776 B.C. It was a very simple contest with the events just being the sprint. Later on, more events were added, such as discus, javelin, wrestling, and long jump. The Games became very important to the people. They would even stop wars so that they could compete in the Games. Soon, the games became very evolved adding sports such as boxing, pankration, the pentathlon, and chariot races. The first recorded winner was Koroibos (www.aafla.org). The Byzantine emperor Theodosius in 394 A.D soon abolished the Games. When the Games were revived, they were brought back as the modern Olympic Games in 1896. The person responsible for bringing back the Games is the Baron Pierre de Coubertin. Coubertin was involved in sports as a child and he felt the Olympics would promote understanding and friendship among nations (w...

Lance Armstrong Case Study Essays

Lance Armstrong Case Study Essays Lance Armstrong Case Study Essay Lance Armstrong Case Study Essay There are a plethora of different Issues that have surfaced since the retirement of Lance Armstrong. Although Lance was looked at as one of the most influential and decorated athletes of all-time, things have changed since evidence has been brought up that prove Lance Armstrong is guilty of doping. Many athletes have been found guilty of doping and things alike, but, Lance Armstrong, a cancer survivor was looked to as a role model to many different types of people such as: children, teenagers, athletes, adults, cancer survivors, basically any person who knows who he is. Since these allegations arose back in 2010, he has lost many followers and offended many other cancer survivors, with what the world looks at as cheating. Lance Armstrong Is the spokesperson for his own organization, the Lance Armstrong Foundation (ALFA). The ALFA Is known for their bracelets which over 65 million of these were sold, making his organization very well known and well respected. When Armstrong came out of retirement and returned to professional cycling In 2009, the ALFA revenues increased from $32. 6 million in 2008 to $41. 7 million in 2009 (Maybe Its About the Bike, peg. 2). Also, the Sports Illustrated writer Selene Roberts reported four massive accusations about Armstrong, all of which are plenty enough reason to force the public to look at Armstrong as a disgrace and a cheater. She even referenced the similarities between his and Roger Clemens doping scandals. For a personal perspective, Lance Armstrong has always been considered a hero. He was a man who did not let cancer deny him from getting back on his bike and winning any biking titles. Unfortunately for Mr.. Armstrong, he ruined his image and will probably never be able to regain such a strong relationship with his admirers ever again. There Is no reason why Lance should have allowed himself to compete knowing he was galling an unfair advantage. What Is even more unjust about the situation is the fact that after 60 Minutes aired an interview with his former teammate, Tyler Hamilton. Hamilton, one of Armstrongs former USPS teammates, publicly stated that he had first-hand knowledge that Armstrong had doped in the dead-up to at least three of his Tour De France victories (Maybe Its About the Bike, peg. 2). Its almost disturbing that even after such a valuable source threw Lance under the bus he could still proclaim his innocence. There is no soft spot for anyone who allows themselves to rob hundreds of athletes for what they have also worked day and night for. Most of which, worked hard and kept the illegal substances out of their bodies. It Is my belief that Lance Armstrong was rightfully stripped of his titles, and should never be allowed to compete again. Many supporters might argue that he ad cancer and deserved create a more even playing field for himself. This Is not the case, If Lance Armstrong, one of the greatest athletes of all time, wanted to be remembered forever he should have thought about the consequences before he cantata. For Torture policy, all professional sports are on ten relent track, all tentacles need to be tested, no matter whom they are; nobody should have anything to hide. Sports are a lot more spectacular knowing that all the athletes are 100% natural, and have made it to where they are because of hard work; not a needle.

Gender discrimination in East Asia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gender discrimination in East Asia - Essay Example Burying a newborn child because that is female, limiting the access of women to education, work and health, burying the wife of a person who dies are some common examples of gender discrimination in East Asia. Violence against women leads to robbing the aspiration and self-esteem of women which possess life-long psychological cost. In East Asia, female’s admission in primary school is as lower as 26% than male students. Such statistics are also observed in health sector. The ratio of female to male in population is worsening in areas like Central and North Asia, South Asia and Countries of Pacific Islands. In many East Asian countries, out of every 10 girls, one dies due to limited access to health and out of 50, one woman dies during delivery and pregnancy. Gender discrimination not only brings problems for female population of a country but also affects the social and economic development of a country. There is huge economic and social cost behind the ramifications of gender discrimination. Blocking the access of females to health and education is not only unfavorable for economic growth and social welfare but also becomes obstacle in the path of labor force participation and human capital development. Women’s silence and inability to practice their civil rights deprive them from having social participation and this phenomenon also obstructs economic growth. Thesis Statement This paper postulates that governments of East Asian countries must take step forward to eradicate the employment gender inequalities in all sectors of the economy. Point of Support 1- Huge Social and Economic Cost There is huge economic and social cost behind gender discrimination. Discrimination hinders women’s participation in social and economic activities, reduces productivity and distracts resources. According to a recent survey, higher female participation and increased employment among women increases the output and growth of that region as shown in the mentio ned table. Source: (World Bank, World Development Indicators Washington D.C., 2006) The above table reveals that from 1990 to 2004, the greatest effect has been on Malaysia, Indonesia and India, where the participation of female labor is lowest of all. These estimations reflect the opportunity cost that has been incurred on gender discrimination. The concept of working women is very common in the economy of United States, and the growth of United States is thereby higher than all the other mentioned countries. Lack of participation of women in political, legal, economic, social and other activities hinder the growth of economy. In a country where both male and female population is working, it seems to grow more profoundly than the country where only male population is working. Let us take an example of a family. A family where both parents are working will generate double income, but a family where only father is working, incurring expenditures of the entire family and meeting expen ses from single income, it will be difficult to recover all the expenses. Point of Support 2- Psychological Cost Gender discrimination poses life-long threats to women’s expertise, self-esteem and capabilities. It not only restricts their opportunities but also spoils aspirations of women. It sabotages their mentality of building self-direction and competence. The unnecessary restrictions which are imposed on women make them clinically depressive and produce a state of helplessness. Such factors compel women to contribute into global burden of illness. Another life-long resentment is that of an unwanted pregnancy which is then transferred to the child. In regions where there is not any

MS Project and Team Leadership Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MS Project and Team Leadership - Assignment Example Identifying and eliminating unnecessary spending is the need of the hour and can take us back on track. Together we need to explore all possible avenues to limit spending and even change the financial strategies if required. As you all know failure to stick to the budget can seriously hinder the project and have negative effects on the organization as well. Usually high performance is linked with increase in productivity and better and speedy results. A high performance team is one in which every member strives to achieve better results, is capable of solving problems faster and readily adapts to change. On the other hand, one poor performer in a team can take the whole team down and lower the productivity (De Dreu & Weingrate, 2003; Shepperd, 1993). It is said that the performance of an employee depends directly on motivation and the attitude of the employee (Akanbi, 2011). Sometimes an otherwise capable team member underperforms because he is uncertain of his roles and responsibilities and does not know what is expected of him (Coutu, 2009). This lack of clarity reflects on the work. In such cases the leader should explain the role clearly and then discuss with the team member what the priorities should be. Leaders can help such team members through consistent feedback. Feedback helps the team members to identify their goals and direction. For instance in case of this project, if the team member is not clear about the overtime policies than the overtime plan he designs will not be acceptable. Lack of motivation is another reason why a team member may underperform (Davidson et al, 2005). In such cases the underperformer can be improved through carefully targeted training. The leader must understand that no two employees can be motivated the same way. Some team members get motivated when treated as an equal. Leaders can motivate such team members by