Synthesis and Purification of Acetylsalicylic Acid Essay Example for Free

Synthesis and Purification of Acetylsalicylic Acid Essay Synthesis and Purification of Acetylsalicylic Acid (ASA or Aspirin) Background Salicylic acid is a phenol as well as a carboxylic acid. It can therefore undergo two different types of esterification reactions, creating an ester either with the hydroxyl or with the acid. In the presence of acetic anhydride, acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin or ASA) is formed. Correspondingly, an excess of methanol will form methyl salicylate, which is also an analgesic. In this experiment, we shall use the former reaction to prepare aspirin. Salicylic acid will not react significantly with acetic acid to produce aspirin. Acetic acid anhydride, however, is more reactive than acetic acid because the acetoxy group (-O2CCH3) is a much better leaving group than the OH- of acetic acid. The reaction has one complication, however, in that an esterification can occur between the phenol and acid portion of adjacent salicylic acid molecules. Further, more molecules can bind to the remaining free substituents on these molecules to create a macromolecule, or polymer. The polymer is formed as a by-product. Acetylsalicylic acid will react with sodium bicarbonate to form a water-soluble sodium salt, whereas the polymer remains insoluble. This difference can be used to purify the aspirin product. The most likely impurity in the final product is salicylic acid, which can be either unconsumed reactant, or the result of hydrolysis of the aspirin product. Salicylic acid is removed during the purification steps as well. Salicylic acid, like most phenols, forms a highly colored complex with ferric chloride, and is easily detected. Aspirin does not form the colored complex because the hydroxyl has been acetylated. Provide tabulated and experimental MP’s for product. Report mass and moles for the reactant and product, and calculate yield % on a molar basis. Mechanism The mechanism is called nucleophilic acyl substitution. It is similar, but not identical, to the hydrolysis on pg 802. The entering nucleophile is salicylic acid, not water. On the resulting tetrahedral intermediate, the H from salicylic acid moves to the middle O on the anhydride. Finally, the leaving group is acetic acid, not chloride. No base is involved. Provide structures of all intermediates in your lab report.

What Makes a Pizza More Acceptable than Another Essay Example for Free

What Makes a Pizza More Acceptable than Another Essay Pizzas are often preferred by majority of fast-food consumers since they are available in different sizes with fresh toppings at an affordable price. They are ideal during a family get-together when large size pizzas can be ordered for a free home delivery with a choice for vegetarian or non-vegetarian type. Besides, pizzas are sold as a handy slice, which can be eaten by a busy professional while commuting. Among the leading pizza brands, Pizza Hut, Domino’s Pizza and Papa John’s have been able to develop brand fidelity by creating a variety of tasty pizzas according to different tastes of consumers. Although the tastes of different pizzas depend on toppings, the crispiness, and the quality of wheat dough, a health conscious consumer chooses a pizza according to the calories present in it. Diet Bites reports different calories in a single slice of 14† cheese pizza of three different brands. In case of Domino’s Pizza, the number of kcal is 272, while for Papa John’s, it is 304 kcal, and in case of Pizza Hut, the number of kcal per slice of 14† pizza is 266. Marketing strategy also differs for the pizza brands. According to Stern (2007), Papa John’s has been able to create a niche in the market by delivering pizzas within 30 minutes of an order placed through SMS on the mobile phone. This marketing strategy of Papa John’s has been successful to beat the existing marketing efforts of Domino’s and Pizza Hut. During delivery of pizza from a restaurant to the customer’s place, it should remain hot and crispy without loosing its fresh taste. Alva (1986) reported the claims made by Domino’s group that it makes every effort to retain freshness and taste of its pizzas while delivering hot pizzas to its customers, and that is why Domino’s has been more successful than its competitors. Thus, different brands of pizzas have contrasting tastes, marketing strategies, and consumer preferences. References Alva, M. (1986, October 20). Domino’s and Pizza Hut stress different aspects of delivery. Nations’ Restaurant News. Retrieved from http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m3190/is_v20/ai_4479642/ Diet Bites. (n. d. ). Calories in Pizza- Calories in Domino’s, Little Caesar’s, Papa John’s and Pizza Hut pizzas. Retrieved from http://www. dietbites. com/calories/calories-in-pizza. html Stern, A. (2007, November 15). Papa John’s mobilizes pizza ordering to beat Pizza Hut/ Domino’s. Center Networks. Retrieved from http://www. centernetworks. com/papa-johns-goes-mobile

Psychological and Social Factors

Psychological and Social Factors Discuss the psychological and social factors that influence people adoption of healthy or unhealthy lifestyles Evidence from various researches has shown that major causes of death are from individual behaviour. Health behaviour with regards to alcohol consumption, smoking, type of diet and exercise plays an important role when projecting the life span of an individual. Hence behaviour and lifestyle have a significant correlation to good health and longevity (Naidoo Will 2008). Individual have the free will to choose whether or not to adopt a healthy lifestyle. An individual lifestyle reflects their values and beliefs, though it is a combination of habits and conventional ways of doing things (Knok 2006). There are several factors affecting the choice of healthy or unhealthy lifestyle by an individual. This essay will focus on alcohol abuse which is one of the various unhealthy lifestyles that people adopts. In order to gain in-depth knowledge of the factors that affect and contribute to the unhealthy behaviour of alcohol abuse; this essay would identify contents such as social learning theory, health belief model, genetic theories, cognitive and behavioural theories, social economic status, culture, effect of media and some examples from real life. A healthy lifestyle is an element of choice and behaviour that is aimed at preventing disease and enhancing health and well- being (Ogden 2000). Beliefs and values has been highlighted by Tones and Tilford (2001); Tones and Green (2004) as major influence that affects the practice of a healthy lifestyle. The health belief model, health locus of control and the theory of reasoned action are some of the theories that seeks to explain individual behaviour that affects their health. It has been suggested that preventive health behaviour by perceived susceptibility, perceive severity and perceived beliefs and barriers (For example a cousin of mine by name Mr B was driven to stop drinking alcohol.. When my uncle (his father) who has been a heavy drinker of this stuff, suddenly became seriously sick and within a short period time he died. He was diagnosed with cirrhosis of liver. The cause of the death of my uncle has played a role in the behaviour change of my cousin (Mr B). He has the perception of the risk and seriousness of the illness. This means that he felt susceptible to the illness. However individuals have beliefs related to both their health and illness. This beliefs influence their behaviour which in turn have impact on how healthy they are. Hence Leventhal et al 1980, 1997 clearly defined illness belief as patient own implicit common sense belief about illness. The kind of lifestyle an individual chooses is determined by the beliefs and attitudes. According to Jennie Naidoo and Jane Wills 2008, theory of planned behaviour consisted of attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control. If for example an individual believed that cutting down on drinking would make life more productive (attitude) and believed that people that are important in his/her life wanted him/her to stop (subjective norm ) and on evaluation of internal and external control factor (behaviour control) this would predict him/her a high intention to stop. This concept relates to what happened to mine cousin (Mr B) having evaluated the consequences and influence of the family, he decided to stop. he theories of planned behaviour in psychology as suggested by Rise et al 2002 relates to belief which strongly affects behaviour and therefore make the belief a subjective probability that a specific behaviour will generate an outcome. Individuals that adopt unhealthy behaviour drinking alcohol has been classified as either binge or a steady drinking (Carlson 2004).The evidence suggests that binge drinking has a both an environmental and a genetic component. Ciccocioppo and Hyytia 2006, Goldman et al 2005, Kreeket al 2001 was of the opinion that some people are born alcoholic. They strongly believed that these people are genetic tendency to alcoholism. Even though a person may have a genetic tendency to alcoholism, the general influence of environment over genes has to be taken into consideration. Pavlov (1949) in social learning theory reflects learning by modelling and associating behaviour. It is pertinent to note that this may involve classical conditioning (internal and external cues) reinforced positively or negatively conditioning and observational learning (Walker 2004) Children learn lots of habits from parents, relations and peers. This may result in them coping in their behaviour through observational learning. For instance sons of steady drinkers have a seven times greater risk of being a steady drinker themselves than sons of non-drinkers. Daughters of steady drinkers often show somatization disorder, where they complain frequently about illness even in non-existence of provable illness problems (Carlson 2004). Studies have revealed that alcohol abuse is a form of drug dependence. It has been stated that more than a quarter of adults aged 16-24 in England are drinking more than the recommended limits which could harm their health. It was also implied that 8.2 million adults need some form of intervention (Drummond et al 2004). It has been highlighted that 27% of men are drinking more than 21 units a week and 17% of women are drinking more than 14units a week in the United Kingdom (Office of National Statistics General Household Survey 2003). Excessive alcohol use can damage body organs for example cirrhosis of the liver and violent tantrums which sometimes lead to suicide. It is also widely acknowledged that alcohol misuse and abuse has a great impact on health and social well-being (Miller and Rollnick 2002). The question then arises, why do people engage in such unhealthy behaviour? It has been noted that parents are more important at early stage but individual may therefore be unrealistically optimism if they focus on the times when they drink in moderation when assessing their own risk and ignore the times when they do not. In addition focussing on the times when others around them drink to excess and ignoring the times when they are more sensible. Hence Weinstein (1984) emphasised that individuals focus more on overlooking their own risk -increasing behaviour and concentrating mainly upon their risk reducing behaviour. People hold beliefs about their own vulnerability to a given problem and make judgements concerning the extent to which they are at risk. They believed that they were less likely than others to get the health problem (Weinstein 1987 ) In view of this therefore unrealistic optimism determines unhealthy lifestyles of alcohol users who under estimate the risks of having oral cancer (Dillard Mccaul Kleen 2006) Health psychology relates to health and behaviour and the fact that human being has a complex system and unique in nature made illness as a multitude of interacting factors such as biological, behaviours, beliefs and social interactions. (Engel 1997 1980 ) However locus of control in health psychology determines the extent to which people have control over event that have impact in their lives. Some people suppose that their actions and what happens to them is up to them and consider events as personally controllable. These individual strongly belief that the events of outcomes are their own behaviour and is regarded as internal locus of control. While some people believe that outcomes of events are largely not controlled by them but lies in the hand of fate (Wallston and Wallston 1982, Hudson 2001) From all inactions people with high internal control are likely to live a healthier life style in contrast to the external locus control since they would be looking for rationale behind t he events that leads to the behaviour Sociology health and illness concept which relates to socioeconomic status, ethnicity, culture and media have important role in determining the lifestyle of individual. There are constraints embedded in people lives that may be dormant factor in the decision to practice a healthy lifestyle and these constraints may in fact leave people with little or no choice in exposing themselves to unhealthy conditions (British Journal 2006). Social class does impact in health and illness. There is a great correlation between the level of profession and mortality: through the correlation between the level of profession and morality, it is hinted that the higher up the social level the longer the life expectancy (Mark 2005, Scnitter 2004) emphasised those in the lower social class have a poorer health status than those in higher social classes. Individual in diverse social classes frequently have different nutritional styles, leisure time activities and manners towards health (Townsend et al, 1988,1992 cited by British Journal 2006). People in the lower social class often adopt more dangerous and health damaging behaviour. They prefer not to eat well, prefer to smoke more cigarettes and prefer to drink more (Devinder Rana and Dominic Upton 2009). People choice this unhealthy behaviour because they found it as the only way know to them, that work for them and available for them to get through difficult situations and proble ms. An example is my cousin Mr B who is a 45 years African British man who was brought to live in Britain at the age of 10 years due to the father migration to work in the United Kingdom. Mr B often truanted from school and began binge drinking from the age of 12-13 years old. He went out of the school at the age of 14 years without any certificate. And went out of the parent house and followed his peers who also abuse drugs (cannabis) and alcohol. The extended family effort in modelling his life and not to follow his father footsteps proved abortive as he never sleeps at home nor take their advice. At the age of 17 years, he got job as a warehouse clerk but could not hold the job more than six months because he always use the money on alcohol to the extent that he could not afford his house rents and bills. He started living on benefit and had council flat. As he had been addicted to alcohol he could not even use the benefit for food. He uses it on alcohol. He became having malnutr ition due to lack of good dietary intake. At the age of 35 years he was diagnosed with oral cancer. The role of family and social networks in shaping and sustaining life style in child development can not be over-emphasised. In view of this family, peer group, school has a great influence on an individual lifestyle (Ochieng 2003) In most cases people like my cousin Mr B realised their failure in life and then indulged in drinking in order to cover their weaknesses and believe that the use of alcohol as a means to get through their shortcomings and situations.(Devinder Rana Dominic Upton 2009). From sociological perspective different ethnic groups have different health status. The term ethnic groups covers a large number of individuals (Rassol 2006) cited by DEvinder Rana Dominic Upton. It is important to note that ethnic groupings include beliefs, tradition, languages and moral values. In addition factors such as lifestyles, custom or marriage, religion also influence these ethnic groupings. For example white lrish men (58%) and women (37%) were likely than other ethnic group to drink in excess of government lines followed by Black Caribbean (27%) men and (17%) of women while the least is the Pakistani Bangladesh and Chinese groupsÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  (Devinder Raha Dominic 2009. From this indication the mode of consumption of alcohol by these different ethnic groups would have great impact on their health status (Sangster et al cited by Devinder Raha Dominic). Ethnic group with high level of alcohol of consumption would be more prone to cancer and other rela ted diseases than ethnic with less consumption. (Adam-Campbell 2001) In essence white Irish consumed more alcohol than other EU countries (Goodman Lovejoy Sherratt 2007 It has also been argued by sociologists and psychologists that environment in which people live due to social status have great impacts on their behaviour. For example if individual found himself/herself in a volatile, unhealthy environment where people living in such area mostly indulge in alcohol use as lifestyle then there is the tendency that the individual would join the bandwagon in order to integrate into the community. On the other hand if the community is more engaged in physical lively lifestyle in order to deal with stress, boredom and problem then the individual would live a lifestyle that would project the image of the community.(Joens-Matre et al 2008) Individuals have the right to choose whether or not to adopt a healthy lifestyle and therefore media plays a vital role in determining the choices. In essence therefore media affects behaviour and greatly accounts for structuring or shaping lifestyles (Bells Hollows 2005). Generally the motive of mass media is to shape the common sense, cultural ideas and the interpretation of the world (Russell and Edgar 1988 cited by Jennis Naidoo and Jane Wills 2008). The social impact of media is to effect fundamental behavioural changes among a large section of the population and this effectively done in television broadcasting which has a massive influence on the viewers. In conclusion alcohol is a drug that contributes to an estimated 40000 deaths per year with significant cost to the NHS (Taylor 2006). Undoubtedly there would be a continuous rise in the trend in alcohol consumption due to the relaxing of licensing laws related to public house opening hours. This RED signal or unhealthy behaviour of the people should be a great concern to the government and now Government should see people as ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“first concern not the monetary aspect. Recently a call has been made by health practitioners that Government should ban advertisement of alcohol through sports and musical sponsorship. Policy should now be centred on how to provide vital information on health and accessibility of healthcare to all in respective of the social class, ethnic, or disadvantaged people. People adopt a good lifestyle based on information available. (Great Britain 2000) emphasised and encouraged people to take up physical exercise in order to have a healthy lifestyle. A lifestyle can either be positively or negatively reinforced by source of information on positive lifestyle, family and social network. By and large the writer is of the view that whatever the attractions, appeals or social norms attached to alcohol, it is a drug that has psychological and sociological effect on lives of the people in particular and society in general. It is a stimulant and then a depressant that affects the reasoning and judgement of individual. To cap it all it is a mood changing and therefore leads to violence and poor health. REFERENCES 1) Adams-Campbell, L.L (2001), Diet, Genetic Polymorphisms and Breast Cancer in African-American.Ft. Belvoir, Defence Technical Information Centre 2) Bell, D Hollows, J (2005). Ordinary lifestyles: Popular media, consumption and taste. Maiden, England, Open University Press. 3) Carlson N R (2004) Physiology of Behaviour 8th edn. Allyn and Bacon, Boston 4) Ciccocioppo, R Hyytia P (2006) The genetic of alcoholism, learning from 50 years of research, Addictions Biology 11 (3-4) 193-194 cited by D Rana D Upton 5) Dillard A.J Mccaul K D Klein W M (2006) Unrealistic optimism and self protective motivation. Journal of Health Communication 11, 93- 102 6) Drummond C, Oyeso A Philips T (2004). Department of Health Alcohol Needs Assessment Research Project (ANAPR) Stationery Office London 7) Goodman J, Lovejoy, P E Sherrant A (2007). Consuming habits: global and historical perspectives on how cultures define drugs. London, Rouledge 8) Great Britain, 2000. Encourage Walking: advice to local authorities, Integrated transport. London 9) Joens-Matre, Welk G J, Calabro M A, Rusell D W, Nicklaye E, Hansley L D (2008). Rural-urban differences in physical activity, physical fitness and overweight prevalence of children. The journal of Rural Health: Official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health care Association. 24, 49-54 10)Kwok, I 2006). Healthy lifestyle, Liberal studies in life. Hong Kong. Manhattan Press 11)Leventhal, H Cleary P. D (1980): A review of the research and theory in behavioural risk modification. Psychological Bulletin. 88, 370-405 12) Mark, D. F (2005) Health Psychology Theory, Research and Practice, Sage Publications 13)McCambridge J, Strang J (2004). The efficacy of single session motivational interviewing in reducing drug consumption and perceptions of drug related risk and harm among young people, Addiction, Practice Nursing 2008 vol. 19, 287-291 14)Miller W.R, Rollnick S (2002) Motivational Interviewing: preparing people to change. Addictive Behaviour, Guilford Press, London 2nd edn. Guilford Press, New York 15)Naidoo, J Wills, J (2008) An introduction Health Studies 2nd edn. Pulished by Palgrave Macmillian, Houndmills Basingstoke Hampshire New York 16)Ochieng B. M. N 92003) Minority ethnic families and family-centred care. Journal of child Health; 123-32 17)Office for National Statistics (2004) Living in Britain Results from 2002 General Household Survey. British journal of nursing 2006 vol. 15, 1217-19. The Stationery office, London 18)Ogden, J (2000) Health Psychology, Buckingham. Open University Press 19)Rana, D Upton D (2009) Psychology for nurses, 1st published. Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate, Harlow Essex England 20)Rassol, G. H (2006) Substance abuse in black and minority ethnic communities in the United Kingdom. Journal of Addiction Nursing 17, 59-3 as cited by D Rana D Upton 21)RiseJ, Kovac V Kraft P, Moan I. S (2008) Predicting the intention to quit smoking and behaviour; British journal of health psychology 13, 291-310 22)Russell A Edgar L R (1998) Research and Practice in the anthropology of welfare,. The anthropology of welfare. London. Routledge cited by J Naidoo J Wills (2008) 23)Sangster, D Shiner, M Patel K Sheikh N (2001).Deliveries Drug Services to Black and minority ethnic communities, DPASS 16 London cited by D Rana D Upton 2009-09-10 24)Schnitter J (2004) Education and the changing shape of the income gradient in health. Journal of health and social behaviour, 45 (3) 286-305 cited by D Rana D Upton 2009-09-10 25)Taylor B (2006) Implementation and clinical audit of alcohol detoxification guidelines. British journal 15 (1) :30-7 26)Tones K. Green J (2004) Health Promotion:Planning and Strategies, Sage London 27)Tones K Tilford S (2001) Health Promotion: Effectiveness, Efficiency and Equity. Nelson Thornes, Cheltenham 28)Townsend P Davidson N, Whitehead M, (1988) Inequalities in Health. British journal of community nursing vol.11 78-81 (2006). Penguin London 29)Wallston K.A Wallston B.S (1982), Hudson (2001) cited by Naidoo J Wills J (2008) 30)Walker, J, Payne, S, Smith P, Jarret N (2004) Psychology for nurses and the caring professions 2nd edn. London Open university Press 31) Weinstein N (1987) cited by Naidoo J Wills (2008)

Psychokinesis :: essays research papers fc

Psychokinesis (PK)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since the beginning of time occurrences of psychokinesis has been recorded. The term itself is taken from the two Greek words psyche (â€Å"breath†, â€Å"life†, or â€Å"soul†) and kinein (â€Å"to move†.) Psychokinesis is a technique of mind over matter such as moving objects, bending metal objects, or knowing the outcome of future events, all with ones mind.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Such occurrences of PK have been found in the Bible and have also been recorded from people throughout the ages. One such incident is of D.D. Holmes, who lived during the 19th century, who was known to levitate. Another is Nina Kulagina, who could alter the course of objects in motion, leave impressions on photograph, and she was even seen affecting the heart of a frog. She changed the heart rate and also stopped the heart and started it again. There are also pictures of her levitating objects. Researchers have not proven some of these occurrences to be fraud and also have not found a direct cause of PK. Many researchers believe that psychokinesis falls in the category of quantum physics. Dennis Over bye believes that psychokinesis belongs in this category because, â€Å"the world has less to do with reality than with our perception of that reality.† It has been determined that psychokinesis occurs within necessary conditions and with patterns, but these pa tterns have not applied to all circumstances. J. B. Rhine, an American parapsychologist at Duke University conducted an experiment with a gambler who claimed that he could predict the outcome of the fall of the dice. His results concluded that PK â€Å"doesn’t seem to connect with any physical process of the brain, or to be subject to any of the mechanical laws of physics.† To J. P. Rhine, pyschokinesis was a nonphysical force of the mind that cannot be explained by any laws of physics. Rhine’s experiments and research lead to other studies. One physicist, Helmut Schmidt found PK in animals as well as humans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Other types of psychokinesis have been researched and have been thought of with skepticism. One such activity is of poltergeists, such as flying objects, breaking of dishes, and unexplained sounds. Psychokinesis :: essays research papers fc Psychokinesis (PK)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since the beginning of time occurrences of psychokinesis has been recorded. The term itself is taken from the two Greek words psyche (â€Å"breath†, â€Å"life†, or â€Å"soul†) and kinein (â€Å"to move†.) Psychokinesis is a technique of mind over matter such as moving objects, bending metal objects, or knowing the outcome of future events, all with ones mind.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Such occurrences of PK have been found in the Bible and have also been recorded from people throughout the ages. One such incident is of D.D. Holmes, who lived during the 19th century, who was known to levitate. Another is Nina Kulagina, who could alter the course of objects in motion, leave impressions on photograph, and she was even seen affecting the heart of a frog. She changed the heart rate and also stopped the heart and started it again. There are also pictures of her levitating objects. Researchers have not proven some of these occurrences to be fraud and also have not found a direct cause of PK. Many researchers believe that psychokinesis falls in the category of quantum physics. Dennis Over bye believes that psychokinesis belongs in this category because, â€Å"the world has less to do with reality than with our perception of that reality.† It has been determined that psychokinesis occurs within necessary conditions and with patterns, but these pa tterns have not applied to all circumstances. J. B. Rhine, an American parapsychologist at Duke University conducted an experiment with a gambler who claimed that he could predict the outcome of the fall of the dice. His results concluded that PK â€Å"doesn’t seem to connect with any physical process of the brain, or to be subject to any of the mechanical laws of physics.† To J. P. Rhine, pyschokinesis was a nonphysical force of the mind that cannot be explained by any laws of physics. Rhine’s experiments and research lead to other studies. One physicist, Helmut Schmidt found PK in animals as well as humans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Other types of psychokinesis have been researched and have been thought of with skepticism. One such activity is of poltergeists, such as flying objects, breaking of dishes, and unexplained sounds.

Eerie, Eldritch Erlkönig Essays -- Goya, Sleep of Reasons Produces Mon

Goya’s The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters is an ominous image of the dark vision of humanity. A man sleeps, apparently peacefully, even though he is besieged by creatures associated in Spanish folk tradition with mystery and evil. There is an ‘unhomely’ feeling of darkness as the brutes seem to move in closer towards to the man that accomplishes a scary environment in the aquatint (a method of etching that creates a rough sketch). A mysterious creature sits at the center of the frame, staring not at the sleeping figure, but at us, the viewer. Goya forces the viewer to become an active participant in the painting — the monsters of his dreams even threaten us. This creates a blur between the dream and the real world; an obscure boundary between fantasy and reality. As Freud would claim, â€Å"we are faced with the reality of something that we have until now considered imaginary.† This negative quality of feeling, filled with dread and horror, repuls ion and anxiety, where the supernatural becomes a part of common reality, is one of the uncanny. It is a frightening feeling which leads back to something forgotten and lost. Similar to The Sleep of Reason, there is a sense of ambivalence in what is real in Hoffman’s tale The Sandman. The uncanniness attaches directly to the figure of the Sandman, which a boy believed to be true in his childhood. Hoffman exploits disturbances of the ego that involve regression to times when the ego had not yet clearly set itself off against the world outside and from others. Freud writes that the â€Å"uncanny [unheimlich] is something which is secretly familiar [heimlich], which has undergone repression and then returned from it.† The music of Schubert’s Erlkà ¶nig dramatizes Goethe’s haunting poem in an uncann... .... It contained works (from 1800s and 1900s) that were dominated by themes of the uncanny, the inexplicable and the incomprehensible from the 1800 1900s. A spokesperson at the exhibition said, â€Å"things that are mysterious or inexplicable will always evoke curiosity and interest.† Works Cited Francisco de Goya y Lucientes (Spanish, 1746–1828) Etching Freud, Sigmund, David McLintock, and Hugh Haughton. The Uncanny. New York: Penguin, 2003. Print. Hoffmann, E. T. A., and Christopher Moncrieff. The Sandman, Surrey. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. Kerman, Joseph, and Vivian Kerman. Listen. New York, NY: Worth, 1980. Print. Gibbs, Christopher H. ""Komm, Geh' Mit Mir": Schubert's Uncanny "Erlkà ¶nig"" 19th-Century Music 19.2 (1995): 115-35. Print. Stein, Deborah. "Schubert's "Erlkà ¶nig:" Motivic Parallelism and Motivic Transformation." 19th-Century Music 13.2 (1989): 145-58. Print.

Primary Education in Turkey, Morocco, Egypt, Greece, and the United States :: Essays Papers

Primary Education in Turkey, Morocco, Egypt, Greece, and the United States Throughout this program I have been confronted with many images and facts about primary education that I will not soon forget. The sounds of young Turkish children reciting "I am a Turk, I am strong"; the image of six year olds in Morocco learning to memorize the Qur'an before they can read or write; the idea of community schools in Egypt where students and parents learn together to benefit and bring prosperity to the community as a whole; and, finally, the idea that art is so important to Greek culture that it is one of the five major goals of primary education. These are all interesting things, they are all things I never would have expected to learn through this program, and they have made this topic and project more meaningful for me. I chose the topic of primary education not only because I am studying to be a teacher, but also because there are a lot of controversies and new ideas that are coming into American education currently, particularly the acts and ideas of No Child Lef t Behind, and I was curious to research how other countries were dealing with the same issues that we see in the educational system of the United States. I started my learning plan with the goals of seeing how primary education was structured in each of the countries we were visiting (Turkey, Morocco, Egypt, and Greece) both theoretically as well as how effective the actual practice of education was, to see what the situation regarding the primary education of girls was in each of the countries and what differences existed in the education of the two genders, to find out the unique solutions each country had found for their own educational system that addressed their country's own specific challenges, to see the role that nationalism and religion played in the primary education of students in each of the countries, and finally to come to the grand finale of the purpose of primary education in each of the countries, to use that information to help me better understand primary educati on, and to compare these findings to the purpose of primary education in the United States. In my project today I plan to lay out seven aspects of primary education, explain how each of these aspects is carried out in the four countries we visited, and then to speak about how each aspect influences the cultures of Turkey, Morocco, Egypt, and Greece.

Population Explosion in India Essay

Population explosion is a problem which is faced by the country at an alarming state. The way at which the population of the country is increasing is a cause of concern and so me of the causes of population explosion are: High birth rate which is caused by: Universal marriage system where everyone necessarily needs to get married in the country. Early marriage where the average age of marriage is extremely low as compared to other countries of the world. Illiteracy is a problem which is facing the country and the low literacy rates lead to traditional, superstitious and ignorant population. Poverty is another issue which faces the country and needs to be solved. Poor people are illiterate and see a child as a â€Å"gift of God† which indirectly leads to population explosion. Tropical climate of the country leads to girls and boys attaining puberty at an early age which is also one of the reasons for a huge population. The joint family system also leads to a division of socio-economic responsibilities among everyone in the family which leads to Women are given a low status in the society and are seen as a person for cooking and begetting and are not free to speak up for their rights. Along with this the decreasing death rate is also one of the reasons for population explosion. India’s population has already crossed the billion marks. Thus, the country having only on 2. 4 per cent of globe’s area has come to hold 16 per cent of globe’s human beings. Its current annual increase at 16 million is the highest in the world. Soon we may achieve the dubious distinction of becoming the most populous country in the world. The debate about population explosion in India is now over half a century old. It acquired a new perspective when the 2000 National Population Policy (NPP) was drafted. There was a marked shift from the target-oriented approach of the 70? s and 80? s to the one that envisioned the ‘development is the best pill’ outlook. The demographics experts, women’s groups, health organisations, social activists and academicians were able to convince the policymakers that in order to achieve the socio- demographic goals of the reduction of inequalities, provision of education, services and creation of awareness were to be taken on a priority. The main causes of big size and high growth of population can be broadly categorised into social and economic causes which are as below: i) Marriage is almost inevitable among men and women; (ii) Motherhood is nearly universal among married women; (iii) The custom of early marriage followed since many centuries has facilitated a wider range of reproductive period; (iv) The Net Production Rate (NPR) is greater than one, which means that women replace themselves by giving birth to more than one daughter which leads to constant rise in birth rate; (v) Wide ¬spread illiteracy among people, especially woman is also a major contributor.  It has been proved that there is a direct relation between illiteracy and fertility; (vi) Superstitious beliefs and myths that a male child is a must for salvation, social security and continuation of the family tree; and (vii) Misconceptions that the use of birth control measures lead to diseases, defects or general weakness. The economic causes include (i) Children are considered to be an asset not a liability by the poor who look at them as source of income; (ii) Statistics also prove that the cost benefit ratio for a child is favourable to the poor; (iii) Lack of proper medical facilities and high mortality rate of infant to want more children; and (iv) There is also total lack of economic security for widows and elderly people which makes people go for children as economic security. There are other reasons which cannot be classified as either social or economic reasons like lack of proper family planning techniques and facilities, high birth rate and low death rate. Overpopulation has far-reaching consequences on every aspect of life of a country. These consequences will have to be studied in length before we can find appropriate measures to stem the root. Overpopulation not only leads to but also perpetuates poverty. The economists are of the opinion that there are four main factors that make a country rich or poor: 1. National factors like location features and mineral resources available in the country. 2. Historical factors, i. e. whether a country has remained a colony of some other country and has suffered long economic exploitation, e. g. India under British rule. 3. Demographic factors, i. e. the size and growth of population. 4. Economic factors, i. e. availability of capital, technology, infrastructure, etc. The demographic factors assume greater importance because natural factors remain constant and history cannot be changed. The large size of population means employment of lion’s share of the resources for the production of goods for the satisfaction of the basic needs of food, clothing and shelter. The high rate of growth of population means continuing additional burden on these resources. It is only due to unfavourable demographic factors that poor countries remain in perpetual poverty. The per capita income which is the indicator of richness of a country does not increase even with an increase in total income because the population which is a divisor in this equation also increases. The economists affirm that the sure way for a poor country is to increase its productive capacity by producing more capital goods like machinery. But as the overpopulated countries need consumer goods in large quantities to satisfy people’s wants it becomes difficult for them to employ their resources for the producing ‘producer’ goods and thus they remain under the vicious circle of poverty. Another drawback of population explosion is that it makes all plans made for development of the country go haywire. Our own country created an autonomous Planning Commission and started a series of Five-Year Plans from the year 1951-52. But we have not been able to bring rapid development because our population which was 36. 1 crore in 1951 has grown about three times today at approx. 108 crores. Naturally any development plan made for one person cannot be adequate for three. The age composition of our population is also not favourable. It has been found that the working age group constitutes 60% of the total population falls in the dependent age groups of a high dependency ratio of 67% calculated as follows: If we take into account the unemployment disguised unemployment and quasi unemployment into factor this would present a gloomier picture of our economy. Still further, if we consider that a high portion of those who are engaged in some type of work or the other are not technically trained and fall in the category of unskilled labour, we shall realise that our productive capacity is quite low. Under such conditions a high growth of population adds to the burden of our economy. The large size of population also has an adverse impact on our natural resources. Coal, petroleum, natural gas, minerals and forests are being excessively used to set up more industries to manufacture various consumable articles to satisfy ever- increasing wants. As these resources are limited and exhaustible, they have been dwindling so drastically that soon they would exhaust completely. Forests are being cleared to bring more land under cultivation to provide food for increasing population and to make more settlements for their living. Burning of fossil fuels in factories, vehicles and households has created another menace of environmental pollution. Injudisions use of water resources like rivers like, ponds, wells, streams and even oceans has caused water pollution. Many diseases have arisen to afflict human beings and affect vegetation as it is, the deforestation is likely to continue unabated which would further aggravate the problem. Yet another problem is the migration of rural people to urban areas in search of better earning opportunities. The statistics show an alarming increase of 57% from 34% after independence. The crowding of urban localities demand more infrastructure, civic services, transport, health, sanitation and educational facilities providing which is not only a challenging task but also means an additional burden on the already inadequate economic resources. As the stabilisation of population is the most significant task ahead of us, stringent measures are required in this direction. Some countries have sought to enforce legal remedies for this chronic malady. For example, China has applied the one child norm lay law. Some Indian states have barred the candidates having more than two children from any election. Such strict measures may work but their side effects may outweigh their benefit to society and country. We need to address the problem of overpopulation in the broader sense and in a socially controlled way. This an be done by creating awareness among people and providing them the required means. India’s population has already crossed the billion marks. Thus, the country having only on 2. 4 per cent of globe’s area has come to hold 16 per cent of globe’s human beings. Its current annual increase at 16 million is the highest in the world. Soon we may achieve the dubious distinction of becoming the most populous country in the world. The debate about population explosion in India is now over half a century old. It acquired a new perspective when the 2000 National Population Policy (NPP) was drafted.